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ArticlesChina Sea. In fact, in the above-mentioned “Articles,” Hideyoshi claimed that the Ming Dynasty owed him credit for personally taking action against Japanese pirate ships and thus “pacifying the sea lanes, ridding them all of obstacles to trade.”3. Preparations both Foreign and DomesticNow having formed the logic that would legitimize his conquest of East Asia, Hideyoshi turned his sights on foreign countries other than Korea, by issuing demands that they pledge allegiance and pay tribute to his regime. During the month after the enactment of the anti-piracy ordinance, he demanded through the mediation of the Shimazu 島津 Clan of southern Kyπshπ that the Kingdom of the Ryukyus (present day Okinawa Prefecture) come and pay tribute. The order was a high pressure tactic to scold the Ryukyus for having the audacity not to pay tribute to the Shimazus, who had been strengthening their hold over the Kingdom since the Ayabune Incident (Ayabune Ikken 紋船一件), in the consequence of which ships not carrying permits issued by the Shimazu Clan were strictly prohibited from the trade [Shimazuke Monjo 島津家文書]. Hideyoshi’s “born to rule” legend was also cited as the basis for ordering the politically unrelated Spanish Viceroy at Luzon (Philippines) four times beginning in 1591 and the Kingdom of KΩzankoku 高山国 (Taiwan) in 1593 to submit to Japanese suzerainty, pay tribute and assist in the invasion of the Continent [Kitajima 1990].Whereas Luzon and KΩzankoku refused to comply with the order, the king of the Ryukyus sent delegations to the celebration of the “unification of the world” under Hideyoshi’s Kampaku regency in 1589. Assuming Japan’s suzerainty over the Ryukyus, in 1591 Hideyoshi ordered its court to contribute troop provisions in preparation for the invasion of Korea and corvée labor for the construction of Nagoya 名護屋 Castle, which was generally obeyed. Meanwhile, during the first month of 1593, the Kakizaki 蠣崎 Clan based in Matsumae 松前 (southwest HokkaidΩ), which was gaining hegemony over Ezo 蝦夷 land, sent troops to Nagoya for the Korean campaign and were rewarded with the right to collect tariffs from foreign ships trading with the Ainu people at Matsumae. The invasion of Korea represented an important moment in the “foreign” rule exercised by Hideyoshi’s unification regime.The military mobilization conducted for the invasion provided leverage for organizing the regime’s system of rule within Japan. We have already seen the Toyotomi regime’s reorganization of Japan’s warrior class through the introduction of the kokudaka system of vassalage and military obligation; now that system would be put into full effect during the process of the invasion of Korea. It was for this purpose that the MΩri Clan domain was subject to a cadastral survey and was ordered to provide four soldiers for every 100 koku 石 (about 510 bushels) of rice accounted for. The order of battle (jindate-sho 陣立書) was drafted for the initial invasion in 1592, and in order to provide reinforcements for the second invasion cadastral surveys of the Shimazu, Satake 佐竹 and Uesugi 上杉 domains were conducted [Ike 1999]. In addition, in the eighth month of 1591, in order to secure warrior class personnel to serve in the invasion force, a caste system was initiated forbidding members of the warrior class to change their status to “peasant” (hyakushΩ 百姓), “townsfolk” (chΩnin 町人) or “indentured servant” (hΩkΩnin 奉公人).4. The Appearance of an Objectivity-Subjectivity Gap: The Absence of International ConsciousnessPreparations for the invasion of Korea went forward through the building of a logic of legitimization, along with the organization of a governance structure for Japan, a process that was fraught with problems. There is no doubt that objectively speaking, it was a response to and a contextualization of the national and international 009

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