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Inter-Asia Research Networks3) We selected 20 villages that encompass approximately 100 volumes of material. The material was then compiled and published. Work on the digitization of these materials is still ongoing. 3. Making the voices of people at the grassroots level heard: Insight into basic-level society immanent in text1) The content of historical records on villages tends to be centered around (1) the output of a village and its villagers, and (2) its social activities. On the other hand, those historical records which focus on irrigated areas, supply and marketing cooperatives and the like feature the content which is very specialist in nature.2) Many villages kept records of their social composition, complete account books and materials authored by high-level superiors. The materials from each village are individual in their own way: some are rich in content relating to specific individuals, some include information on village activities, some have complete collections of records authored by high-level superiors, some have account books which are completely in order and some have materials which contain detailed classification of, and statistical information on, economic activities.3) We can divide these records up into approximately 8 different categories: documents relating to grassroots branches of the Chinese Communist Party, administrative documents (including documents relating to high-level superiors), science and technology records, records on specific individuals, records on financial affairs, historical records, internal materials and others which do not fit one of the categories given above.4. Reflecting back on collectivization: Social transformations in Shanxi’s rural areas1) During the process of gathering and organizing materials, the research methodology and academic line of enquiry that features within Xing Long’s book, Heading towards the Fields and Society, gradually came into being. In essence, it also functioned as a key problematique with rich connotations, constituting a trinity comprised of historical materials, research content and theoretical methodology. All were interdependent, embodied the other and were tightly interrelated.2) Key pieces of related research make comprehensive use of governmental documents, grassroots government documents (such as public notices and documents relating to rural areas) and account books. This research takes into consideration the macro context of the development of political history, while also paying sufficient attention to villages and the like on the micro level. Taking villages, communes, county areas or independent waterways and irrigation systems as their point of investigation, they have touched upon areas such as irrigation and water conservancy construction projects, agricultural technology, the emancipation of women, medical treatment and hygiene and everyday life.Second Session CommentsUCHIYAMA Masao (Toyo Bunko)QI Jianmin (University of Nagasaki)The theme of the second session was ‘the general public, groups and the state’, in which issues mainly related to the general public and the state were dealt with. A few moments ago the current situation regarding the collation and organization of non-governmental letters and grassroots records from rural areas was discussed separately, and particular reference was made to their important role in research on contemporary China. Not only did the two professors make great efforts to collate non-governmental materials, but also carried out the relevant fieldwork, too. In their fieldwork, they conducted investigations into the authors of the letters they collated, and the villages where the grassroots records had been produced, corroborating them using other textual evidence. 075

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